《街头官僚》内容简介

　　《街头官僚：公共服务中的个人困境》是街头官僚研究的开山之作，也是美国著名政治学家迈克尔·李普斯基的代表作品。在本书中，作者将“街头官僚”定义为那些在工作过程中直接与公众打交道，并在执行公务的过程中拥有实质性裁量权的公职人员，并提出，典型的街头官僚包括教师、警察、社会工作者、法官、公共律师、医务工作者等。本书旨在探寻街头官僚在公共服务中的作用，尽管他们作为传统意义上的政策执行者，处于政策链条的最末端，但由于拥有广泛的自由裁量权，可以对公众进行赏罚决断，因此他们的政策执行行为在许多情况下也是一种政策制定行为。

　　本书从个体视角出发，考察了街头官僚在提供服务的过程中遭遇的广泛困境。作为街头官僚的服务或管理对象，公众也常常面临行动上的困境。这些困境来自政策规范、组织目标及公众需求等方面的矛盾和冲突。面对复杂、凌乱、紧张且充满不确定性的工作环境，街头官僚可能不得不采取限量配给资源、根据官僚组织的偏好筛选申请者、不多加思考就批准申请、“一刀切”等做法来简化工作任务，以使自己在完成繁重工作的同时，避免被问责的消极后果。深入分析上述困境和冲突，不仅可以帮助人们更好地理解街头官僚的行为及其策略，也有助于人们了解法律和政策在现实中是如何真正得到执行的。

　　作为街头官僚研究的奠基性著作，本书于1980年首次出版，标志着街头官僚理论正式诞生。在其后的40多年中，本书产生了广泛而深远的影响，推动街头官僚研究成为公共管理、政治学界乃至整个社会科学界的研究热点之一。此外，本书从政策执行研究的角度，对街头官僚的工作环境及其在政策执行中的行动策略展开分析，开辟了政策执行自下而上的研究路径，揭示了政策执行的底层逻辑。

　　作者简介

　　迈克尔·李普斯基（Michael Lipsky），美国著名政治学家，美国公共行政科学院院士，街头官僚理论的提出者。具有丰富的教学与科研经历，曾在麻省理工学院担任政治学教授，先后在知名智库Dēmos担任高级项目主任、杰出高级研究员，还曾在乔治城大学、哈佛大学等高校任教。长期从事政治学和公共管理领域的教学和研究工作，主要研究专长为民主与治理、政府运作与创新、非营利组织与慈善、社会服务等。出版《城市政治中的抗议》《雇佣非营利组织：合约时代的福利国家》等多部著作，《街头官僚：公共服务中的个人困境》为其代表作品。

　　译者简介

　　韩志明，上海交通大学国际与公共事务学院教授、博士生导师。主要研究方向为国家治理、城市治理和基层治理。出版《让权利运用起来——公民问责的理论与实践研究》《行政责任的制度困境与制度创新》等专著，《官僚制》等译著。

　　颜昌武，暨南大学公共管理学院/应急管理学院教授、博士生导师。主要研究方向为行政学理论、基层治理等。出版《公共行政学简明史：以西蒙-沃尔多争论为主线》等专著，《行政国家：美国公共行政的政治理论研究》《公共行政学百年争论》等译著。

A brief introduction to the Street Bureaucrat

"The Street Bureaucrat: The Personal Dilemma in Public Service" is the first work of the study of the street bureaucrat, and also the representative work of the famous American political scientist Michael Lipsky. In this book, the author defines "street bureaucrats" as those public officials who deal directly with the public in the course of their work and have substantial discretion in the execution of their official duties, and proposes that typical street bureaucrats include teachers, police, social workers, judges, public lawyers, medical workers, etc. The purpose of this book is to explore the role of street bureaucrats in public service. Although they are at the end of the policy chain in the traditional sense, they have wide discretion to reward and punish the public, so their policy implementation behavior is in many cases also a policy making behavior.

From an individual perspective, this book examines the broad dilemmas faced by street bureaucrats in the delivery of services. As the service or management object of street bureaucrats, the public also often faces operational difficulties. These difficulties come from the contradictions and conflicts in policy norms, organizational goals and public needs. Faced with a complex, messy, stressful, and uncertain work environment, street bureaucrats may have to simplify their tasks by rationing resources, screening applicants according to the preferences of the bureaucratic organization, approving applications without much thought, and "one size fits all" in order to do their heavy work without the negative consequences of being held accountable. An in-depth analysis of these dilemmas and conflicts not only helps people better understand the behavior of street bureaucrats and their tactics, but also helps people understand how laws and policies are actually enforced in reality.

As a founding work of the study of street bureaucrats, this book was first published in 1980, marking the official birth of the street bureaucrats theory. In the subsequent 40 years, the book has had a wide and far-reaching impact, promoting the study of street bureaucrats to become one of the hot spots in public administration, political circles and even the entire social science community. In addition, from the perspective of policy implementation research, this book analyzes the working environment of street bureaucrats and their action strategies in policy implementation, opens up a bottom-up research path of policy implementation, and reveals the underlying logic of policy implementation.

About the author

Michael Lipsky is an American political scientist, a member of the American Academy of Public Administration, and the author of the street bureaucrat theory. He has rich experience in teaching and research. He once served as a professor of political science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and successively served as senior program director and distinguished senior researcher at the well-known think tank DMOS. He also taught at Georgetown University, Harvard University and other universities. He has long been engaged in teaching and research in the field of political science and public administration, and his main research expertise is democracy and governance, government operation and innovation, non-profit organizations and philanthropy, and social services. He is the author of Protest in Urban Politics, Hiring NonProfits: The Welfare State in the Age of Contracts, and Street Bureaucrats: Personal Dilemmas in Public Service.

Translator's introduction

Han Zhiming is a professor and doctoral supervisor at the School of International and Public Affairs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University. His research interests are national governance, urban governance and grassroots governance. He has published monographs such as "Let Power Be Used: A Study on the Theory and Practice of Citizen Accountability", "The Institutional Dilemma and Institutional Innovation of Administrative Responsibility", and "Bureaucracy" and other translations.

Yan Changwu, professor and doctoral supervisor of School of Public Administration/School of Emergency Management, Jinan University. His main research interests are administrative theory, grass-roots governance and so on. He has published books such as "A Brief History of Public Administration: With the Simon-Waldo Controversy as the Main Line", "The Administrative State: A Study of Political Theory in American Public Administration" and "The Centennial Controversy in Public Administration".