内容简介

　　在这个人人都是自媒体的时代，我们的生活中不乏谣言、偏激言论、诈骗信息等负面消息，“坏思考流行病”正考验着我们每个人的认知能力。什么是坏思考？什么是好思考？辨识好与坏才是认知实现飞升的前提。

　　本书告诉我们：哲学是非理性思维的强大解毒剂，哲学的思维工具能够帮助我们培养好思考、杜绝坏思考。

　　本书详细介绍了几千年哲学史发展出来的思维工具：逻辑法则、论证方法、证据思维，以及概率理论。它们告诉我们如何分辨哪些是人们的意见，哪些是发生的事实；哪些思想存在谬误，哪些信息不足为信；哪些观点有充分的证据作为支撑，哪些没有。作者告诉我们，哲学中探讨观念与知识本质的认识论，以及研究道德原则的伦理学，能够极大地帮助我们对抗坏思维，应该成为我们行为的指引。

　　哲学是改善思维的工具。对于还没有了解这些工具的人来说，本书是一本及时的、必不可少的让人们回归理性、独立思考的指南，有助于人们规避学习、考试、工作和生活中，限制人们成长、取得成功和人际交往的思维困境，防范虚假信息、错误认知，激发人们的思维潜能。

　　作者简介

　　史蒂文·纳德勒（Steven Nadler），美国威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校哲学教授，也是该校人文科学研究所主任。他曾在阿姆斯特丹大学、巴黎高等师范学院、巴黎社会科学高等研究院、斯坦福大学和芝加哥大学担任客座教授，并在罗马美国学院当过驻校学。2020年，他被选为美国艺术与科学学院成员。他的研究重点是17世纪哲学和犹太哲学，在研究笛卡尔、斯宾诺莎和莱布尼茨等方面颇有建树，其著作包括《斯宾诺莎的一生》《不把死亡放在心上》《伦勃朗的犹太人》等，其中《伦勃朗的犹太人》曾入围普利策奖。

　　劳伦斯·夏皮罗（Lawrence Shapiro），威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校的哲学教授，宾夕法尼亚大学哲学博士，其研究领域跨越心灵哲学和心理学哲学。他的著作包括《奇迹神话》《具身认知》《心灵的化身》《禅与跑步的艺术》等，其中《具身认知》获得了美国哲学协会颁发的约瑟夫·B.吉特勒社会科学哲学zui佳著作奖。

Content introduction

In this era where everyone is we-media, there is no shortage of negative news such as rumors, extreme statements, and fraudulent information in our lives, and the "bad thinking epidemic" is testing the cognitive ability of each of us. What is bad thinking? What is good thinking? The recognition of good and bad is the prerequisite for the ascension of cognitive realization.

This book teaches us that philosophy is a powerful antidote to irrational thinking, and that philosophical thinking tools can help us cultivate good thinking and prevent bad thinking.

This book details the tools of thought developed over thousands of years of philosophy: logical laws, argumentative methods, evidential thinking, and probability theory. They tell us how to tell what is people's opinion and what is fact; Which ideas are false and which information is unreliable; Which ideas are supported by good evidence and which are not. The author tells us that epistemology in philosophy, which deals with the nature of ideas and knowledge, and ethics, which deals with moral principles, can greatly help us fight bad thinking and should guide our actions.

Philosophy is a tool for improving thinking. For those who have not yet learned about these tools, this book is a timely and essential guide to rational, independent thinking, to avoid the mental dilemmas that limit growth, success, and interpersonal interaction in school, exams, work, and life, to guard against false information, misperceptions, and to stimulate people's thinking potential.

About the author

Steven Nadler is professor of philosophy at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and director of the Institute for Human Sciences. He has been a visiting professor at the University of Amsterdam, Ecole Normale Superieure in Paris, the Ecole Superieure des Sciences Sociales in Paris, Stanford University, and the University of Chicago, and was a resident at the American Academy in Rome. In 2020, he was elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. His research focuses on 17th century philosophy and Jewish philosophy, and he has made considerable contributions to the study of Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz, including The Life of Spinoza, No Mind to Death, and Rembrandt's Jews, including Rembrandt's Jews, which was shortlisted for the Pulitzer Prize.

Lawrence Shapiro is a professor of philosophy at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and a Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania, whose research spans philosophy of mind and philosophy of psychology. His books include The Myth of Miracles, Embodied Cognition, The Embodiment of the Mind, Zen and the Art of Running, among which Embodied Cognition was awarded the Joseph B. Kennedy Award by the American Philosophical Association. Gitler Prize for the best book in Philosophy of Social Science.