《情境的力量》内容简介

　　《情境的力量》是美国作者丹尼尔·R.斯塔尔德的社会心理学著作。社会心理学家现在关注一种常见但之前很少被人讨论的认知偏差，那就是“基本归因错误”，他们证明意识到基本归因错误的存在可以提升对他人的日常理解。社会生活难免需要评判他人，然而，一旦人们忽视情境因素，这些眨眼之间就做出的判断经常被证明是错误的。社会心理学家将这一普遍存在的认知偏差称为“基本归因错误”。

　　基本归因错误通常会导致对他人的误解、伤害他人感情以及消极对待他人，而这本书探索的就是基本归因错误悄然无声地出现在社会交往中的诸多方式。丹尼尔·R.斯塔尔德调查了基本归因错误的常见案例，包括路怒症、微表情解读、“同性恋雷达”，社会上、网络上常见的谴责受害者行为等。在这些不同的案例之中，常见的共同点是，人们错误地认定固有的性格特征或意图能够解释他人的行为，从而忽视了同样有解释效力的情境因素。相反，在行动者-观察者认知偏差中，人们会诉诸情境因素解释自己做出的错误行为。例如，当我们追尾其他车辆时，总是有理由为自己开脱，但是当别人追尾我们时，我们就倾向认为，错显然在于他人。

　　斯塔尔德也披露了经典的情境研究中鲜为人知的内容，考虑到了认知偏差的利与弊，还分享了许多减少认知偏差的策略。这本书内容丰富、妙趣横生，有趣的案例随处可见，新颖的洞见和充足的经验研究俯拾即是，相信这本书会帮助我们理解人与人之间的冲突，从而减少冲突的发生，实现理性的幸福。

　　作者简介

　　作者

　　丹尼尔·R.斯塔尔德（DanielR.Stalder）

　　威斯康星大学－白水文理学院心理学教授，艾奥瓦大学人格与社会心理学博（1998）。他负责运行匿名网站PARBs，其中讨论了如何使用社会心理学来减少认知偏差和冲突。他曾获得多项教学奖项，并于2016年获得威斯康星大学－白水文理学院的快讯＆科学卓越研究奖。

　　译者

　　王雨程

　　男，1987年11月生人，浙江绍兴人。西安电子科技大学哲学系讲师。2018年获得中山大学科学技术哲学博士学位。曾赴意大利特伦托大学认知科学学院访问学习。研究方向：科学技术哲学、认知科学哲学、心智哲学、文化演化研究。

The Power of Situation is a brief introduction

The Power of the Situation is a social psychology book by American author Daniel R. Stalder. Social psychologists are now focusing on a common but previously little-discussed cognitive bias called the "fundamental attribution error," demonstrating that awareness of the existence of the fundamental attribution error can improve everyday understanding of others. Social life inevitably requires judgment of others, yet these judgments made in the blink of an eye often turn out to be wrong once situational factors are ignored. Social psychologists refer to this pervasive cognitive bias as the "fundamental attribution error."

This book explores the many ways in which the fundamental attribution error, which often leads to misconceptions about others, hurt feelings, and negative treatment of others, quietly emerges in social interactions. Daniel R. Stalder investigates common cases of fundamental attribution error, including road rage, microexpression reading, "gaydar," and victim-blaming behaviors that are common in society and on the Internet. A common denominator in these diverse cases is that people mistakenly assume that inherent personality traits or intentions explain the behavior of others, ignoring situational factors that are equally explanatory. In contrast, in actor-observer cognitive bias, people resort to situational factors to explain their misbehavior. For example, when we rear-end another car, we always have an excuse for ourselves, but when someone rear-end us, we tend to think that the fault is clearly theirs.

Stalder also reveals what little is known about classic situational studies, considers the pros and cons of cognitive bias, and shares many strategies for reducing it. This book is rich and interesting, with interesting cases everywhere, novel insights and sufficient empirical research, and I believe that this book will help us understand the conflicts between people, so as to reduce the occurrence of conflicts and achieve rational happiness.

About the author

author

DanielR.Stalder

Professor of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-White College of Hydrology, PhD in Personality and Social Psychology, University of Iowa (1998). He runs the anonymous website PARBs, which discusses how social psychology can be used to reduce cognitive bias and conflict. He has received several teaching awards and received the University of Wisconsin-White School of Hydrology's Express & Scientific Research Excellence Award in 2016.

translator

Wang Yucheng

Male, born in November 1987, Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province. Lecturer, Department of Philosophy, Xidian University. In 2018, he received his PhD in Philosophy of Science and Technology from Sun Yat-sen University. He visited the School of Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Italy. Research interests: Philosophy of Science and Technology, Philosophy of Cognitive Science, Philosophy of Mind, Cultural evolution.