《先验唯心论体系》内容简介

　　谢林于1800年发表的《先验唯心论体系》是整个德国古典哲学演进过程中的一座里程碑，通常也被看作他的早期哲学最重要的代表作。谢林本人对这部著作同样十分重视，他在晚年撰写的《近代哲学史》里不但为其开辟了一个专门的章节，而且明确指出：“如果你们中间的某位现在或者将来想要准确而原原本本地了解近代哲学的逐渐发展过程，那么我只能推荐他去研究这部《先验唯心论体系》。”（第113页）

　　全书共分六章，前面两章阐述先验唯心论的本原并对其进行演绎，在费希特的基础上克服了康德哲学缺失本原的弊端；后面四章分别讨论理论哲学、实践哲学、目的论和艺术哲学，其框架和内容与康德的三大批判精准对应，同时处理了晚年康德关心的自然、法权、历史、宗教等问题。因此可以说《先验唯心论体系》是康德-费希特的整个哲学蓝图的实现，并且就深度和广度而言堪称近代哲学的第一个完整体系。

　　在这部著作里，谢林展示了自我如何基于自身的原初同一性和二重性结构，经过无意识地生产出外部世界而最终达到最高的自我意识的过程。历史的-辩证的发展方法在这里第一次得到淋漓尽致的应用，因此《先验唯心论体系》一方面比此前的自然哲学体系更全面，另一方面比此后的绝对同一性体系更具有历史的维度和辩证法的活力。

　　尽管如此，本书只能说是谢林“早期哲学”最重要的代表作，它的框架和方法后来已经容纳不下后期谢林在《世界时代》（这是谢林本人钦定的真正的“代表作”）、《神话哲学》和《启示哲学》里面对人类精神史的全新刻画，因此谢林在他的绝笔之作《神话哲学之哲学导论》里也指出：“《先验唯心论体系》这部著作在别的方面本身又只是扮演着过渡和预演的角色。”（第137页）

　　作者简介

　　谢林（F.W.J.Schelling,1775-1854），德国唯心主义哲学家，与康德、费希特、黑格尔并称德国古典哲学四大家。代表作品有《自我作为哲学的本原》《一种自然哲学的理念》《先验唯心论体系》《哲学与宗教》《论人类自由的本质及相关对象》《世界时代》《神话哲学》《启示哲学》等。

　　先刚，北京大学哲学系教授，博士生导师。图宾根大学哲学博士；海德堡大学洪堡学者。主要研究领域：德国古典哲学、古希腊哲学、西方哲学史。

　　

A brief introduction to the System of Transcendental Idealism

Schelling's System of Transcendental Idealism, published in 1800, is a milestone in the evolution of classical German philosophy and is often regarded as the most important work of his early philosophy. Schelling himself attached great importance to this work, and in his later years, he not only devoted a special chapter to it in his History of Modern Philosophy, but also made it clear: "If any of you now or in the future wishes to understand accurately and completely the gradual development of modern philosophy, I can only recommend to him the study of this System of Transcendental Idealism." (Page 113)

The book is divided into six chapters. The first two chapters explain and deduce the original of transcendental idealism, overcoming the defect of Kant's philosophy on the basis of Fichte. The last four chapters discuss theoretical philosophy, practical philosophy, teleology and philosophy of art respectively, whose framework and content correspond precisely to Kant's three major criticisms, and at the same time deal with Kant's concerns about nature, law, history, religion and other issues. Therefore, it can be said that the System of Transcendental Idealism is the realization of the entire philosophical blueprint of Kanti-Fichte, and can be called the first complete system of modern philosophy in terms of depth and breadth.

In this work, Schelling shows how the self, based on its original identity and duality structure, reaches its highest self-consciousness through the unconscious production of the external world. Here, for the first time, the historical-dialectical method of development is applied incisively and incisively, so that the System of Transcendental Idealism, on the one hand, is more comprehensive than the previous system of natural philosophy, and on the other hand, it has more historical dimension and dialectic vitality than the system of absolute identity that followed.

Nevertheless, this book can only be said to be the most important representative work of Schelling's "early philosophy," and its framework and approach have since been unable to accommodate later Schelling's new portrayal of the history of the human spirit in the Age of the World (which Schelling himself chose as his true "representative work"), the Philosophy of Mythology, and the Philosophy of Revelation. Therefore, Schelling also pointed out in his last work, A Philosophical Introduction to the Philosophy of Mythology: "The System of Transcendental Idealism in other respects itself only plays the role of transition and rehearsal." (Page 137)

About the author

F.w. J.Schelling (1775-1854) was a German idealist philosopher who, along with Kant, Fichte, and Hegel, was one of the four masters of classical German philosophy. His representative works include the Self as the Origin of Philosophy, The Idea of a Natural Philosophy, the System of Transcendental Idealism, Philosophy and Religion, On the Nature and Related Objects of Human Freedom, The Age of the World, Philosophy of Myth, Philosophy of Revelation, etc.

Gang Xian, Professor of Philosophy, Peking University. Doctor of Philosophy, University of Tubingen; Humboldt Scholar at Heidelberg University. Main research areas: German classical philosophy, Ancient Greek philosophy, history of Western philosophy.