内容简介

识破迷惑人心的把戏、似是而非的话术

理性并非本能，理智需要锻鍊

————————

你觉得下面这个三段论，有没有问题呢？

前提一：人皆不免一死。

前提二：苏格拉底不免一死。

结论：因此，苏格拉底是人。

如果你觉得完全没问题，

那么我们把「人」换成「狗」，重写如下：

前提一：狗皆不免一死。

前提二：苏格拉底不免一死。

结论：因此，苏格拉底是狗。

看得出来问题出在哪里吗？

我们再举两个同样类型的错误推理的案例：

前提一：巴黎在欧洲。

前提二：我在欧洲。

结论：因此，我在巴黎。

前提一：共产党赞成加税。

前提二：我的政敌赞成加税。

结论：因此，我的政敌就是共产党。

你知道吗：

♢社群媒体上被分享的文章，有六成是没仔细读过内容的人转传的。

许多人只因为标题很吸睛，就按赞、按分享！

或是因为标题令人愤怒，就在键盘上充满热血、展现义愤！

♢政客使用统计学，就和醉酒的人使用灯柱一样，

是为了支撑，而不是为了照亮。

♢卖房子的人说：「前年房价虽然跌了50%，但去年又强弹了50%，

买家完全没有亏到钱喔。」他应该是很诚实，才会这么坦白吧？

♢命理师和占星家说：「你很善良和热情，但如果你感觉遭到背叛，

你也可能产生令人招架不住的怒火与怨愤。」

你觉得很准吧！所以，他们几乎对每个人都这么说。

♢人的记忆，并不像录像装置，你只要录下事件，以后就可以回顾。

记忆其实更接近维基百科，你可以上去改动它——但是别人也可以。

♢媒体好像分不出「一场车祸意外」与「一场文明危机」之间有何差别，

所以行车记录器新闻，往往凌驾于专业镜头下的深度报导……

我们习惯追求速度、胜过追求真实度，习于反应、而非反省。

我们具有上帝般的科技，却拥抱中古时代的习俗，怀有旧石器时代的情绪。

《反智》搜罗了常见的推理谬误、逻辑缺陷、数字迷思、偏见和阴谋论，

以当今社会的著名事件和近代历史的精采故事为例，

告诉我们如何识破种种迷惑人心的把戏、似是而非的话术，

以及如何建立分析性思考的能力。

作者简介

古伦姆斯David Robert Grimes

多才多艺的爱尔兰物理学家、癌症研究人员、科学作家。

1985年出生于都柏林，成长于沙特阿拉伯，学生时期热中音乐、表演及科学。2011年获得都柏林城市大学应用物理博士学位，之后担任牛津大学博士后研究员，钻研医学物理学和肿瘤学，目前与英国高等跨领域辐射研究中心（CAIRR）及贝尔法斯特女王大学合作进行研究。

研究之余，致力提升社会大众对科学的认识，并对抗伪科学的浪潮。他经常上英国广播公司BBC和爱尔兰国家电视广播台RTÉ，谈论科学议题，并为《爱尔兰时报》、《卫报》和《旁观者》杂志，撰写科普文章。2014年获颁著名的马杜克斯奖（John Maddox Prize），表彰他「在逆境中挺身而出，捍卫科学」。英国癌症研究基金会亦赞许他为「杰出媒体大使」，积极消除公众对科学和医学的误解。

Content introduction

See through deceptive tricks, paradoxical words

Reason is not instinct. Reason needs to be exercised

-- -- -- --

Do you find the following syllogism problematic?

Premise 1: We all have to die.

Premise 2: Socrates was mortal.

Conclusion: Therefore, Socrates was human.

If you're totally okay with that,

So let's replace "man" with "dog" and rewrite it as follows:

Premise 1: All dogs die.

Premise 2: Socrates was mortal.

Conclusion: Therefore, Socrates is a dog.

Can you see what the problem is?

Let's take two more examples of the same type of faulty reasoning:

Premise 1: Paris is in Europe.

Premise two: I'm in Europe.

Conclusion: Therefore, I am in Paris.

Premise 1: The Communist Party is in favor of raising taxes.

Premise two: My political opponent is in favor of raising taxes.

Conclusion: Therefore, my political enemy is the Communist Party.

Did you know:

♢ Sixty percent of articles shared on social media are retweeted by people who haven't read the content carefully.

Many people just because the title is very eye-catching, click "like", "share"!

Or because the title is infuriating, it is full of blood and indignation on the keyboard!

♢ Politicians use statistics like drunk people use lampposts,

To support, not to illuminate.

♢ Home prices were down 50 percent last year, but they jumped 50 percent last year.

The buyer didn't lose any money at all." He must be honest enough to confess, right?

♢ The numerologist and astrologer say, "You are kind and warm, but if you feel betrayed,

You may also develop overwhelming anger and resentment."

You think it's accurate! So, they say that to almost everyone.

Human memory is not like a video device where you record events and can review them later.

Memory is more like Wikipedia, you can change it - but so can others.

♢ The media can't seem to tell the difference between "a car accident" and "a crisis of civilization,"

So dashcam news often trumps in-depth reporting on professional cameras...

We are used to speed rather than truth, to reaction rather than reflection.

We have God-like technology, yet we embrace medieval customs and Paleo sentiments.

Anti-intelligence compiles common fallacies of reasoning, logical flaws, number myths, prejudices, and conspiracy theories,

Taking famous events in today's society and fascinating stories from recent history as examples,

Show us how to see through all the confusing tricks, the paradoxes,

And how to build the ability to think analytically.

About the author

David Robert Grimes

Multi-talented Irish physicist, cancer researcher and science writer.

Born in Dublin in 1985, he grew up in Saudi Arabia and was passionate about music, performance and science as a student. He received his PhD in Applied Physics from Dublin City University in 2011 and has since been a postdoctoral research fellow at the University of Oxford in Medical Physics and Oncology, where he is currently collaborating with the Centre for Advanced Interdisciplinary Radiation Research (CAIRR) and Queen's University Belfast.

In addition to research, we are committed to enhancing the public's understanding of science and combating the tide of pseudoscience. He regularly appears on the BBC and RTE, Ireland's national television station, talking about scientific issues, and writes popular science articles for the Irish Times, The Guardian and The Spectator magazine. In 2014, he was awarded the prestigious John Maddox Prize for "standing up for science in the face of adversity." Cancer Research UK also recognised him as an "outstanding media ambassador" for his efforts to dispel public misconceptions about science and medicine.